HS is an isotonic crystalloid fluid, it remain isotonic after administration and are therefore effective volume expanders for a short period of time. However, both the water and the electrolytes in the solution can freely cross the semi-permeable membranes of the vessel walls (but not the cell membranes) into the interstitial space and will achieve equilibrium in two to three hours.
HS using for fluid replacement to support blood pressure from blood loss, it should be borne in mind that 3 ml of HS solution are needed to replace 1 ml of patient blood. This is because approximately two-thirds of the infused crystalloid solution will leave the vascular spaces by about one hour.
Sunday, June 22, 2008
Saturday, June 21, 2008
Guideline for diarrhoeal disease management
GUIDELINE
FOR
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. A person with diarrhea typically passes stool more than three times a day. It is a symptom of more serious diseases such as dysentry, cholera, botulism or food poisoning.
Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and older people and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. Diarrhoea is the cause of death of 18 lac people each year all over the world. In Bangladesh 1 lac 10 thousand people die of diarrhoea in which 90% are children aged bellow 5 years. Infant mortality is extremely high due to the tropical climate, dense population, poverty and poor access to the reliable health services.
Causative agents
Bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella), viruses (Rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) or parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
Medicines such as antibiotics
Foods such as milk
Diseases that affect the stomach, small intestine, or colon, such as Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome
Management
Give the patients plenty of food to prevent malnutrition.
Continue to breastfeed frequently.
If the child is not breastfed, give the usual milk. If the child is less than 6 months old and not yet taking solid foods, dilute milk or formula with an equal amount of water for 2 days.
If the child is 6 months or older, or already taking solid foods, also give cereal or another starchy food mixed, if possible, with pulses, vegetables, and meat or fish. Add 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of vegetable oil to each serving.
Use an oral re-hydration solution (ORS) to replace lost fluids
Encourage the child to eat; offer food at least 6 times a day.
Give the same food after diarrhoea stops, and give an extra meal each day for 2 weeks.
Hospitalize immediately if –
Dry or sticky mouth
Few or no tears when crying
Eyes that look sunken into the head
Soft spot (fontanelle) on top of the head that looks sunken
Lack of urine or wet diapers for 6 to 8 hours in an infant
Lack of urine for 12 hours in an older child
Dry, cool skin
Lethargy or irritability
Fatigue or dizziness in an older child
Preventive Action
Wash hands well and often, especially after using the toilet and before eating. Hand washing is the most effective way to prevent diarrheal infections that are passed from person to person. Dirty hands carry infectious germs into the body when kids bite their nails, suck their thumbs, eat with their fingers, put any part of their hands into their mouths.
Keep bathroom surfaces clean to help prevent the spread of infectious germs.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating, since food and water also can carry infectious germs.
Wash kitchen counters and cooking utensils thoroughly after they've been in contact with raw meat, especially poultry.
Refrigerate meats as soon as possible after bringing them home from the supermarket, and cook them until they're no longer pink. After meals, refrigerate all leftovers as soon as possible.
Never drink from streams, rivers or lakes. In Bangladesh, it may be safer to drink only Tube-well water, bottled water and boiled water or chlorinated water.
Avoid taking prepared foods from street vendors.
Don't wash pet cages or bowls in the same sink that you use to prepare family meals.
Keep pets' feeding areas separate from family eating areas.
Ref: Compiled based on information of ICDDR’B
FOR
DIARRHOEAL DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. A person with diarrhea typically passes stool more than three times a day. It is a symptom of more serious diseases such as dysentry, cholera, botulism or food poisoning.
Diarrhea can cause dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid to function properly. Dehydration is particularly dangerous in children and older people and it must be treated promptly to avoid serious health problems. Diarrhoea is the cause of death of 18 lac people each year all over the world. In Bangladesh 1 lac 10 thousand people die of diarrhoea in which 90% are children aged bellow 5 years. Infant mortality is extremely high due to the tropical climate, dense population, poverty and poor access to the reliable health services.
Causative agents
Bacteria (E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Shigella), viruses (Rotavirus, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus) or parasites (Giardia, Cryptosporidium)
Medicines such as antibiotics
Foods such as milk
Diseases that affect the stomach, small intestine, or colon, such as Crohn's disease and irritable bowel syndrome
Management
Give the patients plenty of food to prevent malnutrition.
Continue to breastfeed frequently.
If the child is not breastfed, give the usual milk. If the child is less than 6 months old and not yet taking solid foods, dilute milk or formula with an equal amount of water for 2 days.
If the child is 6 months or older, or already taking solid foods, also give cereal or another starchy food mixed, if possible, with pulses, vegetables, and meat or fish. Add 1 or 2 teaspoonfuls of vegetable oil to each serving.
Use an oral re-hydration solution (ORS) to replace lost fluids
Encourage the child to eat; offer food at least 6 times a day.
Give the same food after diarrhoea stops, and give an extra meal each day for 2 weeks.
Hospitalize immediately if –
Dry or sticky mouth
Few or no tears when crying
Eyes that look sunken into the head
Soft spot (fontanelle) on top of the head that looks sunken
Lack of urine or wet diapers for 6 to 8 hours in an infant
Lack of urine for 12 hours in an older child
Dry, cool skin
Lethargy or irritability
Fatigue or dizziness in an older child
Preventive Action
Wash hands well and often, especially after using the toilet and before eating. Hand washing is the most effective way to prevent diarrheal infections that are passed from person to person. Dirty hands carry infectious germs into the body when kids bite their nails, suck their thumbs, eat with their fingers, put any part of their hands into their mouths.
Keep bathroom surfaces clean to help prevent the spread of infectious germs.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating, since food and water also can carry infectious germs.
Wash kitchen counters and cooking utensils thoroughly after they've been in contact with raw meat, especially poultry.
Refrigerate meats as soon as possible after bringing them home from the supermarket, and cook them until they're no longer pink. After meals, refrigerate all leftovers as soon as possible.
Never drink from streams, rivers or lakes. In Bangladesh, it may be safer to drink only Tube-well water, bottled water and boiled water or chlorinated water.
Avoid taking prepared foods from street vendors.
Don't wash pet cages or bowls in the same sink that you use to prepare family meals.
Keep pets' feeding areas separate from family eating areas.
Ref: Compiled based on information of ICDDR’B
Friday, June 20, 2008
Dextrose Anhydrous
DEXTROSE
Dextrose is better known today as glucose, this sugar is the chief source of energy in the body. Glucose is chemically considered a simple sugar (Monosaccharide). Molecular Formula: C6H12O6 , Molecular Weight : 180.16 It is about 20% less sweet compared to cane sugar. Glucose serves as the major source of rapidly absorbed energy for living cells. Human brain consumes 20% of dextrose that are required by the whole body. It is used as osmotic diuretic for the improvement of edema, especially cerebral edema.
Dextrose is better known today as glucose, this sugar is the chief source of energy in the body. Glucose is chemically considered a simple sugar (Monosaccharide). Molecular Formula: C6H12O6 , Molecular Weight : 180.16 It is about 20% less sweet compared to cane sugar. Glucose serves as the major source of rapidly absorbed energy for living cells. Human brain consumes 20% of dextrose that are required by the whole body. It is used as osmotic diuretic for the improvement of edema, especially cerebral edema.
Ciprox IV
CIPROX IV
Unparallel from its release
17 years History of Ciprofloxacin IV Formulation -
Intravenous formulation was introduced in 1991
Extremely studied and documented in over 37000 publications
More than 100000 patients enrolled in double blind trials around the world
Prescribed for more than 340 million patients worldwide
Available in more than 100 countries and has been approved for the treatment of 14 categories of infections Especially - UTIs & Nosocomial Infections
Extensive and unprecedented safety profile
Unparallel from its release
17 years History of Ciprofloxacin IV Formulation -
Intravenous formulation was introduced in 1991
Extremely studied and documented in over 37000 publications
More than 100000 patients enrolled in double blind trials around the world
Prescribed for more than 340 million patients worldwide
Available in more than 100 countries and has been approved for the treatment of 14 categories of infections Especially - UTIs & Nosocomial Infections
Extensive and unprecedented safety profile
SWOT Bangladesh
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH
SWOT-2007
Strengths
Weaknesses
îî More than 240 Manufacturing Industries in Bangladesh including some world class manufacturing industries that are providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market.
îî 80% Raw Materials are imported; Most of them are from India & China. Some are from others countries like- Spain, Germany, South Korea, French, Thailand, USA, UK, Portugal etc.
îî Local Market Size is Tk- 5000 crores in which Top 10 Contributors are -
Square (615.35 crores), Beximco (390.05 crores), Incepta (262.06crores) Acme (191.95 crores), Skyef (165.74crores), Drug International (158.80crores), Renata (137.62crores), Opsonin (135.48 crores), Sanofi-Aventis (130.66 crores) & Aristopharma (128.14 crores)
îî Only 20% Raw Materials are manufactured by the Local Companies, like-
Square, Beximco, Skyef, Drug International, Opsonin, & Gonoshastha Pharmaceuticals.
îî Day by day increasing export of Finished Goods & some raw materials. Last Fiscal year export revenue was $14.24 million & Exporting countries were 70.
îî Local Market Size is Tk- 5000 crores in which Multinational Companies enjoy about 13% market share, like- Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis etc.
îî Some renowned Companies achieved UK MHRA & EU Certificates and Some are practicing USFDA, UK MHRA, EU & TGA Australia to achieve respective Certificates.
îî Lack of –
Þ Hi tech Quality control Laboratory
Þ Establishment of API Park by the Govt.
Þ Necessary action for Process Loss of API
by the Govt.
îî Bangladesh Govt. declare this Sector as “Thirst Sector” for 2006-2009 & EPZ declares as the “Export Product of the year 2007”
Opportunities
Threats
îî Bangladesh Embassy is helping this sector to explore market size in the different countries of the World including USA, Middle East & other European Countries.
îî Price Hike of Raw materials.
îî Recently few new industries have been established with hi tech equipments and professionals
îî Patent Law, which is valid up to 2016 for Least Developed Countries like Bangladesh.
SWOT-2007
Strengths
Weaknesses
îî More than 240 Manufacturing Industries in Bangladesh including some world class manufacturing industries that are providing 97% of the total medicine requirement of the local market.
îî 80% Raw Materials are imported; Most of them are from India & China. Some are from others countries like- Spain, Germany, South Korea, French, Thailand, USA, UK, Portugal etc.
îî Local Market Size is Tk- 5000 crores in which Top 10 Contributors are -
Square (615.35 crores), Beximco (390.05 crores), Incepta (262.06crores) Acme (191.95 crores), Skyef (165.74crores), Drug International (158.80crores), Renata (137.62crores), Opsonin (135.48 crores), Sanofi-Aventis (130.66 crores) & Aristopharma (128.14 crores)
îî Only 20% Raw Materials are manufactured by the Local Companies, like-
Square, Beximco, Skyef, Drug International, Opsonin, & Gonoshastha Pharmaceuticals.
îî Day by day increasing export of Finished Goods & some raw materials. Last Fiscal year export revenue was $14.24 million & Exporting countries were 70.
îî Local Market Size is Tk- 5000 crores in which Multinational Companies enjoy about 13% market share, like- Sanofi-Aventis, Novartis etc.
îî Some renowned Companies achieved UK MHRA & EU Certificates and Some are practicing USFDA, UK MHRA, EU & TGA Australia to achieve respective Certificates.
îî Lack of –
Þ Hi tech Quality control Laboratory
Þ Establishment of API Park by the Govt.
Þ Necessary action for Process Loss of API
by the Govt.
îî Bangladesh Govt. declare this Sector as “Thirst Sector” for 2006-2009 & EPZ declares as the “Export Product of the year 2007”
Opportunities
Threats
îî Bangladesh Embassy is helping this sector to explore market size in the different countries of the World including USA, Middle East & other European Countries.
îî Price Hike of Raw materials.
îî Recently few new industries have been established with hi tech equipments and professionals
îî Patent Law, which is valid up to 2016 for Least Developed Countries like Bangladesh.
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